Periradicular surgery is a surgical approach to remove the abnormal tissue or tooth fragments from the apical and the periapical region carefully, without traumatize the root
Apicoectomy is the surgical procedure which is removed the tip of the root with the surrounding tissue

Indications of Periradicular surgery and apicoectomy:
- Only when the root length is such as after the removal of the apical the relation of crown – root is not disturbed
- In calcified root canals or existence of pulp stones which are impossible to access
- Curved root canals
- Incomplete root development
- Internal or external root absorbtion
- Insoluble materials for canal obturation
- Instruments may break inside the root canal
- Over instrumentation, beyond apical foramen
- Solutions extruded in the periapical tissues
- Perforations
- Root fracture with pulp necrosis
- Patient has no time to waist
- Big periapical abscess
Contraindications of Periradicular surgery and apicoectomy:
- Patients with heart diseases, diabetes, blood diseases
- Patients with scleroderma
- Periodontal teeth non- treated
- Teeth that their crown can not be restored
- When we have to keep a tooth is useless
- Root caries
- Insufficient root – crown ratio
- Untreatable root resorption
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